Back Autonome Region Kurdistan ALS إقليم كردستان العراق Arabic كردستان العراق ARZ Curdistán iraquín AST İraq Kürdüstanı Azerbaijani عراق کوردوستان ایقلیمی AZB Курдистан Төбәк Хөкүмәте Bashkir Rona nin Iraking Kurdistan BCL Іракскі Курдыстан Byelorussian Ірацкі Курдыстан BE-X-OLD
Kurdistan Region
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| Anthem: ئەی ڕەقیب Ey Reqîb "Oh, enemy!" | |
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| Country |  Iraq |
| Autonomy founded | 19 May 1992[1] |
| Autonomy recognized | 15 October 2005[2] |
| Capital | Erbil (de facto) Kirkuk[1] (proclaimed) 36°04′59″N 44°37′47″E / 36.08306°N 44.62972°E |
| Official languages | Kurdish[1] |
| Administrative languages | |
| Recognized languages[1][4] | |
| Ethnic groups (2004[1]) | Recognized ethnicities: |
| Religion |
|
| Demonym(s) |
|
| Government | Parliamentary autonomous region |
| Nechirvan Barzani | |
| Masrour Barzani | |
• Deputy Prime Minister | Qubad Talabani |
| Legislature | Kurdistan Parliament |
| Area | |
• Total | 46,862[8] km2 (18,094 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Estimate | 6,556,752 (2023)[9] |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022[10][13] estimate |
• Total | $66 billion[10][11] |
• Per capita | $7,038[10][12] |
| Gini (2012) | 32[14] medium |
| HDI (2014) | 0.750[14] high |
| Currency | Iraqi dinar |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (AST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +964 |
| ISO 3166 code | |
| Internet TLD | .krd |
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Kurdistan Region (KRI; Sorani Kurdish: هەرێمی کوردستان, romanized: Herêmî Kurdistan; Kurmanji Kurdish: Herêma Kurdistanê;[15] Arabic: إقليم كردستان)[16] is an autonomous administrative entity within the Republic of Iraq.[17] It comprises four Kurdish-majority divisions of Arab-majority Iraq: the Erbil Governorate, the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, the Duhok Governorate, and Halabja Governorate. The KRI is bordered by Iran to the east, by Turkey to the north, and by Syria to the west. It does not govern all of Iraqi Kurdistan, and lays claim to the disputed territories of northern Iraq; these territories have a predominantly non-Arab population and were subject to the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns throughout the late 20th century. Though the KRI's autonomy was realized in 1992, one year after Iraq's defeat in the Gulf War, these northern territories remain contested between the Kurdistan Regional Government (in Erbil) and the Government of Iraq (in Baghdad) to the present day. In light of the dispute, the KRI's constitution declares the city of Kirkuk as the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. However, the KRI does not control Kirkuk, and the Kurdistan Region Parliament is based in Erbil. In 2014, when the Syria-based Islamic State began their Northern Iraq offensive and invaded the country, the Iraqi Armed Forces retreated from most of the disputed territories. The KRI's Peshmerga then entered and took control of them for the duration of the War in Iraq (2013–2017). In October 2017, following the defeat of the Islamic State, the Iraqi Armed Forces attacked the Peshmerga and reasserted control over the disputed territories.[18]
Throughout the 20th century, Iraqi Kurds oscillated between fighting for autonomy and for full independence. Under the Ba'athist regime, the Kurds experienced Arabization and genocidal campaigns at the hands of the federal government in Baghdad.[19] However, when the United States, the United Kingdom, and France established the Iraqi no-fly zones, which restricted the federal government's power in the country's northern and southern areas following the Gulf War, the Kurds were given a chance to experiment with self-governance and the autonomous region was de facto established.[20] The Iraqi government only recognized the autonomy of the Kurdistan Region in 2005, after the American-led 2003 invasion of Iraq overthrew Saddam Hussein.[21] In September 2017, the KRI passed a non-binding independence referendum, inviting mixed reactions internationally. The KRI largely escaped the privations that afflicted other parts of Iraq in the last years of Saddam Hussein's rule as well as the chaos that followed his ousting during the Iraq War (2003–2011), and built a parliamentary democracy with a growing economy.[22]
- ^ a b c d e f "Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region". 15 April 2004. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. (2015). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition. p. 275.
- ^ Saatçi, Suphi (2018), "The Turkman of Iraq", in Bulut, Christiane (ed.), Linguistic Minorities in Turkey and Turkic-Speaking Minorities of the Periphery, Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 357, ISBN 978-3447107235
- ^ "A Reading for the Law of Protecting Components in Kurdistan" (PDF). July 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (2 September 2016). "Iraq: Information on the treatment of atheists and apostates by society and authorities in Erbil; state protection available (2013 – September 2016)". Refworld. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ "Kurdistan, the only government in Middle East that recognizes religious diversity". Kurdistan24. 10 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ "Country Information and Guidance Iraq: Religious minorities" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. August 2016. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ "Kurdistan Region Area". krso.gov.krd. Kurdistan Region Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ "Population". krso.gov.krd. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
- ^ a b c "Erbil International Fair" (PDF). aiti.org.ir. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ kurdistanchronicle. "Invest Kurdistan: An Emerging, Multi-Sector Business Hub". kurdistanchronicle.com. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
- ^ kurdistanchronicle. "Invest Kurdistan: An Emerging, Multi-Sector Business Hub". kurdistanchronicle.com. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
- ^ kurdistanchronicle. "Invest Kurdistan: An Emerging, Multi-Sector Business Hub". kurdistanchronicle.com. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
- ^ a b "Iraq Human Development Report 2014" (PDF). p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ "Şandeke Herêma Kurdistanê serdana Bexdayê dike". Rûdaw (in Kurdish). Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ^ "حکومەتی هەرێمی كوردستان" (in Kurdish). Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ^ "Iraq's Constitution of 2005" (PDF). 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ "Iraqi Kurds 'withdraw to 2014 lines'". 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ Alex Danilovich (2016). Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. ISBN 978-1315468402.
- ^ Peter J. Lambert (December 1997). The United States and the Kurds: case studies in United States engagement (PDF). Monterey, California: Calhoun – Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 85–87. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ Philip S. Hadji (September 2015). "Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War". United States Institute of Peace. 41 (2). Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ "Iraqi Kurdistan profile". BBC News. 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
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